Ba recommandé ya ba nutriments pona ba grands vegans


Ba recommandations oyo elandi ezali ba guidelines générales pona orientation na yo.


1) Vitamine B12

Pona moko ya banzela oyo elandi [1–4]:
  • 2–5 μg mbala mibale na mokolo (euti na biloko oyo batyá vitamini B12; to oyo euti na biloko oyo ebakisaka vitamini) [5–12]
  • 10–50 μg na mokolo (euti na lisalisi ya bilei) [6,10–15]
  • 2000–2500 μg na poso (euti na lisalisi ya bilei) [7,11,12,16–18]


2) Calcium

Komela ata 600 mg ya calcium na mokolo [2,19–28]. Okoki kokokisa yango soki ozali kolya ata moko (to mibale) ya banzela oyo elandi mokolo na mokolo. Kasi, na mikili mingi toli ya calcium ezali pene na 1000 mg. Motango wana ya likolo ekoki kozala malamu mpo na kobatela mikuwa. Yango wana, ezali malamu kolya biteni soki mibale na liste oyo elandi na mokolo:
  • 1 verre (~250 ml) ya miliki ya banzete oyo ebakisami na calcium, ndakisa, miliki ya soya. Miliki ya banzete oyo ebakisami na calcium mingi mingi ezalaka na 120 mg ya calcium na 100 ml (kaka lokola miliki ya ngombe) [3,23,28–31]. Tala na étiquette ya ingrédients na carton. Komela motango oyo ebongi ya miliki ya milona oyo ekopesa pene na 300 mg ya calcium na mokolo.
  • Bilei mosusu oyo ezali na calcium, ndakisa, jus oyo ezali na calcium, yaourt ya soya, avoine roulé, to mampa, oyo ekopesa mpe pene na 300 mg ya calcium na mokolo (tala liste ya biloko/biloko oyo esalisaka nzoto; biloko ndenge na ndenge ezali na mikili ndenge na ndenge) [23, 28,30,32]
  • Kopo 1 kino 2 ya ndunda ya nkasa ya vert foncé oyo balambi:
    • pak choi (bok choy) .
    • kale
    • nkasa ya moringa
    • nkasa ya jute
    • épinards ya malabar
    • ba verts ya moutarde
    • brocoli [23,28,31] oyo ezali na kati.
    • nkasa ya dandelion
    • nkasa ya ortie
    • chou ya Napa (oyo balambi) .
    • (Epinards mpe chard ezali ba sources ya calcium ya malamu te, lokola biodisponibilité ezali moke.)
  • 2 to 3 kopo ya chou ya Napa ya mbindo
  • 2 to 3 kopo ya okra oyo balambi
  • 1 kopo ya tofu oyo esalemi na calcium [23,28–31].
  • mayi oyo ezali na calcium mingi/mai ya minerais oyo esengeli kopesa ata 300 mg ya calcium na mokolo – tala étiquette [33,34].
  • 1⁄2 kɔpɔ ya figi ya kokauka + 3 oranges [23] .
  • [6 tortillas ya masangu (maïs) oyo esalemi nixtamalisé (Ø ~15 cm) (Oyo ezali na Mexique mpe na mikili mingi ya Amérique centrale lokola Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, mpe Costa Rica.) [35–42] ]

Ba recommandé officiels ya ingérence alimentaire na ba pays ebele ezali soki 1000 mg ya calcium na mokolo [109].


3) Vitamine D

  • Miniti 15–30 ya moi mikolo nyonso ... to kongenga ya moi mingi (e.g., ngonga 1 to 2) mbala mingi na poso. Bokima kozala na moi mingi. Bokima kozika na moi!
... to ...
  • komela supplément ya vitamine D: ~25 μg (~1000 UI) vitamine D na mokolo [2,3,23,28,43–50].

Kokima moi mobimba te, ata soki ozali komɛla vitamini D.

“Hiver vitamine D” ezali ntango nzoto na yo ekoki te kosala vitamini D na kokɔtisa loposo na yo na moi mbala moko, mpe yango etaleli esika ofandi na planɛti oyo (latitude).

“Vitamine D na eleko ya malili”:

  • Kati ya 35° nord na 35° sud (pene na continent mobimba ya Afrika): « Hiver vitamine D » ata moke te – okoki kosala vitamine D mbula mobimba na ko exposer loposo na yo na pole ya moyi direct [51].
  • Kati na 35° na 40° na nord : décembre na janvier
  • Kati na 40° mpe 50° na nɔrdi: Novɛmbɛ tii Febwali
  • Na nɔrdi ya 50° na nɔrdi: Ɔkɔtɔbɛ tii Marsi (to koleka) .
  • Kati na 35° mpe 40° na sudi: Yuni mpe Yuli
  • Kati na 40° mpe 50° na sudi: Mai tii août
  • Sudi ya 50° sud: Avril tii septembre (to molai koleka)


4) Iode

Pona moko ya banzela oyo elandi [2,3,45,52–60]:
  • Komela mungwa oyo ezali na iode (cuillère à thé 1 ezali na 40–240 μg ya iode – tala étiquette) [61–63]. Boyá kolya mungwa mingi.
  • Komela 100–150 μg na mokolo (euti na supplément alimentaire) .
  • Lia matiti ya mbu lokola nori to wakame, mbala mingi na poso


5) Ba acides gras omega-3

Pona moko (to kosangisa ebele) ya banzela oyo (mingi to moke) mikolo nyonso [19,30,64–69]. Makanisi oyo elandi ezali mpo na mibali – oyo mingimingi balyaka ba calories mingi. Mpo na basi soki 2/3 ya ba quantités oyo ekoki.
  • ~10 noix (~40 g) [64]
  • 1–2 cuillères à thé ya mafuta ya lin [64] 
  • 2 cuillères ya lin ya lin oyo batumbi [64,70,71]
  • 1–2 cuillères ya mboto ya chia [69,72–74]
  • 1–2 cuillères ya mafuta ya mboto ya chanvre [64] 
  • 1⁄4 kopo ya mboto ya chanvre, to 1–2 cuillères ya mboto ya chanvre oyo ezali na ba coquillages
  • 2–3 cuillères ya mafuta ya colza (mafuta ya canola) [64] 

Likanisi oyo okoki kopona:

Lia kaka ndambo ya ba quantité oyo etangami likolo ... kasi mela pe supplément vegan EPA/DHA:
  • 200–300 mg EPA/DHA mikolo mibale to misato nyonso (to mikolo nyonso soki olingi) [64,67–69,75–77].
Bilembeteli ya lelo bizali kolakisa polele te ete vegan ya moyenne akozwa mpenza litomba na ba suppléments ya EPA/DHA. Litomba moko (na ndakisa, mpo na kolɔngɔnɔ ya bɔɔngɔ to ya motema) ekoki kosalema kasi ezali mpenza na ntembe.


6) Ebende

Lia ba légumineuses mokolo na mokolo [26,78,79].

Epai ya mibali, kozanga fer ezalaka mingi te. Epai ya bilenge basi kino na mbula ya kotika komona sanza, kozanga fer esalemaka mingi (mpo na makila oyo ebungisaka na ntango ya komona sanza).

Batoli mosusu (mingimingi mpo na basi tii na mbula ya kotika komona sanza):

  • Kolya vitamine C na tango moko na bilei oyo ezali na fer mingi ematisaka absorption ya fer na ba sources ya milona [78,80–83].
  • Komela kafe to ti na bilei ekitisaka absorption ya fer oyo ewutaka na ba sources ya milona [80–84].
  • Kolamba sauce ya tomati (to ba sauces mosusu oyo ezali mwa acide) na kati ya biloko ya kolamba ya fonte e enrichir sauce na fer [83–86].


7) Zinc

Lia ba légumineuses, ba grains entiers, na ba noix na ba graines mokolo na mokolo [2,30,87,88]. Ezali maziba malamu ya zinc.


[8) Sélénium]

Pona (kaka) moko (nyonso mibale te) ya banzela oyo elandi [45,89–91]:
  • Lia 1 to 2 ya noix ya Brésil na mokolo [92–95]. Kasi kolya mbala na mbala te noix ya Brésil mingi.
  • Komela supplément oyo ezali na 50–60 μg (koleka te) ya sélénium na mokolo [92,95–100].


9) Vitamine A (provitamine A)

Lia mingi ndunda ya vert foncé, mbuma ya langi ya orange, mpe ndunda ya langi ya orange [3,45,105].

Maziba minene ya beta-carotène (provitamine A) ezali, na ndakisa: carottes oyo balambi, jus ya carottes, citrouille, pomme de terre ya sukali (oyo ezali na mosuni ya orange), ndunda ya nkasa ya vert foncé, ba fruits ya couleur orange lokola manga, papaya, na kaki bakisa pe pilipili ya rouge.


10) Protéine

Protéine ezali na ntina mpo na misisa oyo ezali malamu mpe mikuwa oyo ezali malamu.
  • Lia ba légumineuses, ba grains entiers, ba noix na ba graines mokolo na mokolo [3,106–108]. Ba légumineuses ezali na mitindo nyonso ya masangu, lentilles, mpe pois, mpe biloko oyo euti na soya (tofu, tempeh, miliki ya soya, farine ya soya, mince ya soya, mpe bongo na bongo). Pistache, mboto ya chanvre, quinoa, mpe amaranth ekoki mpe kobakisa motango ya proteine oyo ezali malamu mpo na nzoto na bilei na yo.
  • Lia ba calories oyo ekoki. Mingi ya ba vegans baliaka ba calories ekoki. Kasi soki ozali kolia ba calories ekoki te nzoto na yo ekosalela proteine oyo oliaka lokola ba calories (pona "production d'énergie"), pe okoki kosuka na proteine moke mingi pe okoki ko perdre masse musculaire.



Motindo ya bomoi ya vegan ya nzoto kolɔngɔnɔ










Références

1.    Johnsen, J. B. & Fønnebø, V. Vitamin B12-mangel ved strengt vegetabilsk kosthold. Hvorfor følger noen et slikt kosthold, og hva vil de gjøre ved B12-mangel? Abstract. Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke 111, 1, 62–64 (1991)
2.    Schüpbach, R., Wegmüller, R., Berguerand, C. et al. Micronutrient status and intake in omnivores, vegetarians and vegans in Switzerland. European journal of nutrition 56, 1, 283–293 (2017)
3.    Sobiecki, J. G., Appleby, P. N., Bradbury, K. E. et al. High compliance with dietary recommendations in a cohort of meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians, and vegans: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Oxford study. Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) 36, 5, 464–477 (2016)
4.    Woo, K. S., Kwok, T. C. Y., Celermajer, D. S. Vegan diet, subnormal vitamin B-12 status and cardiovascular health. Nutrients 6, 8, 3259–3273 (2014)
5.    Bor, M. V., Castel-Roberts, K. M. von, Kauwell, G. P. et al. Daily intake of 4 to 7 microg dietary vitamin B-12 is associated with steady concentrations of vitamin B-12-related biomarkers in a healthy young population. The American journal of clinical nutrition 91, 3, 571–577 (2010)
6.    Carmel R (2006) Cobalamin (Vitamin B12). In Modern nutrition in health and disease. 10th ed., pp. 482–497, [Shils ME, Shike M and Ross AC et al., editors]. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
7.    Institute of Medicine (IOM) (1998) Dietary reference intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Papntothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline: A report of the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Washington DC: Nat. Acad. Press
8.    Luhby AL, Cooperman JM, Donnenfeld AM: Herrero JM et al. Observations on transfer of vitamin B12 from mother to fetus and newborn. Am J Dis Child 96, 532–533 (1958)
9.    Norris J How recommendations were formulated. Last updated: August 2013. http://www.veganhealth.org/b12/formula (accessed June 2017)
10.  Haddad, E. H., Berk, L. S., Kettering, J. D. et al. Dietary intake and biochemical, hematologic, and immune status of vegans compared with nonvegetarians. The American journal of clinical nutrition 70, 3 Suppl, 586 (1999)
11.  Heyssel, R. M., Bozian, R. C., Darby, W. J. et al. Vitamin B12 turnover in man. The assimilation of vitamin B12 from natural foodstuff by man and estimates of minimal daily dietary requirements. The American journal of clinical nutrition 18, 3, 176–184 (1966)
12.  Obeid, R., Fedosov, S. N., Nexo, E. Cobalamin coenzyme forms are not likely to be superior to cyano- and hydroxyl-cobalamin in prevention or treatment of cobalamin deficiency. Molecular nutrition & food research 59, 7, 1364–1372 (2015)
13.  Adams, J. F., Ross, S. K., Mervyn, L. et al. Absorption of cyanocobalamin, coenzyme B 12 methylcobalamin, and hydroxocobalamin at different dose levels. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology 6, 3, 249–252 (1971)
14.  Carmel, R. Mandatory fortification of the food supply with cobalamin: an idea whose time has not yet come. Journal of inherited metabolic disease 34, 1, 67–73 (2011)
15.  Deshmukh, U. S., Joglekar, C. V., Lubree, H. G. et al. Effect of physiological doses of oral vitamin B12 on plasma homocysteine: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in India. European journal of clinical nutrition 64, 5, 495–502 (2010)
16.  Berlin, H., Berlin, R., Brante, G. Oral treatment of pernicious anemia with high doses of vitamin B12 without intrinsic factor. Acta medica Scandinavica 184, 4, 247–258 (1968)
17.  Donaldson, M. S. Metabolic vitamin B12 status on a mostly raw vegan diet with follow-up using tablets, nutritional yeast, or probiotic supplements. Annals of nutrition & metabolism 44, 5-6, 229–234 (2000)
18.  Gomollón, F., Gargallo, C. J., Muñoz, J. F. et al. Oral Cyanocobalamin is Effective in the Treatment of Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Crohn's Disease. Nutrients 9, 3 (2017)
19.  Appleby, P. N. & Key, T. J. The long-term health of vegetarians and vegans. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 75, 3, 287–293 (2016)
20.  Appleby, P., Roddam, A., Allen, N. et al. Comparative fracture risk in vegetarians and nonvegetarians in EPIC-Oxford. European journal of clinical nutrition 61, 12, 1400–1406 (2007)
21.  Dyett, P., Rajaram, S., Haddad, E. H. et al. Evaluation of a validated food frequency questionnaire for self-defined vegans in the United States. Nutrients 6, 7, 2523–2539 (2014)
22.  Fang, A., Li, K., Guo, M. et al. Long-Term Low Intake of Dietary Calcium and Fracture Risk in Older Adults With Plant-Based Diet: A Longitudinal Study From the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Journal of bone and mineral research the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 31, 11, 2016–2023 (2016)
23.  Mangels, A. R. Bone nutrients for vegetarians. The American journal of clinical nutrition 100 Suppl 1, 469 (2014)
24.  Morales-Torres, J. & Gutiérrez-Ureña, S. The burden of osteoporosis in Latin America. Osteoporosis international a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA 15, 8, 625–632 (2004)
25.  Nachshon, L. & Katz, Y. [The importance of "milk bones" to "wisdom bones" - cow milk and bone health - lessons from milk allergy patients.] Abstract. Harefuah 155, 3, 163 (2016)
26.  Rizzo, N. S., Jaceldo-Siegl, K., Sabate, J. et al. Nutrient profiles of vegetarian and nonvegetarian dietary patterns. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 113, 12, 1610–1619 (2013)
27.  Thorpe, D. L., Knutsen, S. F., Beeson, W. L. et al. Effects of meat consumption and vegetarian diet on risk of wrist fracture over 25 years in a cohort of peri- and postmenopausal women. Public health nutrition 11, 6, 564–572 (2008)
28.  Tucker, K. L. Vegetarian diets and bone status. The American journal of clinical nutrition 100 Suppl 1, 329S-35S (2014)
29.  Messina, V. & Messina, M. Soy products as sources of calcium in the diets of chinese americans. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 110, 12, 1812-3; author reply 1813 (2010)
30.  Reid, M. A., Marsh, K. A., Zeuschner, C. L. et al. Meeting the nutrient reference values on a vegetarian diet. The Medical journal of Australia 199, 4 Suppl, 40 (2013)
31.  Weaver, C. M., Proulx, W. R., Heaney, R. Choices for achieving adequate dietary calcium with a vegetarian diet. The American journal of clinical nutrition 70, 3 Suppl, 543 (1999)
32.  de Abajo, Francisco J. de, Rodríguez-Martín, S., Rodríguez-Miguel, A. et al. Risk of Ischemic Stroke Associated With Calcium Supplements With or Without Vitamin D: A Nested Case-Control Study. Journal of the American Heart Association 6, 5 (2017)
33.  Böhmer, H., Müller, H., Resch, K. L. Calcium supplementation with calcium-rich mineral waters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of its bioavailability. Osteoporosis international a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA 11, 11, 938–943 (2000)
34.  Vitoria, I., Maraver, F., Ferreira-Pêgo, C. et al. The calcium concentration of public drinking waters and bottled mineral waters in Spain and its contribution to satisfying nutritional needs. Nutricion hospitalaria 30, 1, 188–199 (2014)
35.  Bressani, R., Turcios, J. C., Colmenares de Ruiz, A. S. et al. Effect of processing conditions on phytic acid, calcium, iron, and zinc contents of lime-cooked maize. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 52, 5, 1157–1162 (2004)
36.  Hambidge, K. M., Krebs, N. F., Westcott, J. L. et al. Absorption of calcium from tortilla meals prepared from low-phytate maize. The American journal of clinical nutrition 82, 1, 84–87 (2005)
37.  Islas-Rubio, A. R., La Barca, A. M. C. de, Molina-Jacott, L. E. et al. Development and evaluation of a nutritionally enhanced multigrain tortilla snack. Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 69, 2, 128–133 (2014)
38.  Monárrez-Espino J, Béjar-Lío GI, Vázquez-Mendoza G Adecuación de la dieta servida a escolares en albergues indigenistas de la Sierra Tarahumara, México. Salud Pública Méx 52, 23–29 (2010)
39.  Pappa, M. R., Palomo, P. P. de, Bressani, R. Effect of lime and wood ash on the nixtamalization of maize and tortilla chemical and nutritional characteristics. Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 65, 2, 130–135 (2010)
40.  Rosado, J. L., López, P., Morales, M. et al. Bioavailability of energy, nitrogen, fat, zinc, iron and calcium from rural and urban Mexican diets. The British journal of nutrition 68, 1, 45–58 (1992)
41.  Rosado, J. L., Díaz, M., Rosas, A. et al. Calcium absorption from corn tortilla is relatively high and is dependent upon calcium content and liming in Mexican women. The Journal of nutrition 135, 11, 2578–2581 (2005)
42.  Serna-Saldivar, S. O., Amaya Guerra, C. A., Herrera Macias, P. et al. Evaluation of the lime-cooking and tortilla making properties of quality protein maize hybrids grown in Mexico. Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 63, 3, 119–125 (2008)
43.  Holick, M. F. The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: Approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders (2017)
44.  Ho-Pham, L. T., Vu, B. Q., Lai, T. Q. et al. Vegetarianism, bone loss, fracture and vitamin D: a longitudinal study in Asian vegans and non-vegans. European journal of clinical nutrition 66, 1, 75–82 (2012)
45.  Kristensen, N. B., Madsen, M. L., Hansen, T. H. et al. Intake of macro- and micronutrients in Danish vegans. Nutrition journal 14, 115 (2015)
46.  Outila, T. A., Kärrkkäinen, M. U. M., Seppänen, R. H. et al. Dietary Intake of Vitamin D in Premenopausal, Healthy Vegans was Insufficient to Maintain Concentrations of Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Intact Parathyroid Hormone Within Normal Ranges During the Winter in Finland. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 100, 4, 434–441 (2000)
47.  Plehwe, W. E. & Carey, R. P. L. Spinal surgery and severe vitamin D deficiency. The Medical journal of Australia 176, 9, 438–439 (2002)
48.  Smith, T. J., Tripkovic, L., Damsgaard, C. T. et al. Estimation of the dietary requirement for vitamin D in adolescents aged 14-18 y: a dose-response, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. The American journal of clinical nutrition 104, 5, 1301–1309 (2016)
49.  Ustianowski, A., Shaffer, R., Collin, S. et al. Prevalence and associations of vitamin D deficiency in foreign-born persons with tuberculosis in London. The Journal of infection 50, 5, 432–437 (2005)
50.  Vidailhet, M., Mallet, E., Bocquet, A. et al. Vitamin D: still a topical matter in children and adolescents. A position paper by the Committee on Nutrition of the French Society of Paediatrics. Archives de pediatrie organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie 19, 3, 316–328 (2012)
51.  Jäpelt, R. B. & Jakobsen, J. Vitamin D in plants: a review of occurrence, analysis, and biosynthesis. Frontiers in plant science 4, 136 (2013)
52.  Davidsson, L. Are vegetarians an 'at risk group' for iodine deficiency? The British journal of nutrition 81, 1, 3–4 (1999)
53.  Elorinne, A.-L., Alfthan, G., Erlund, I. et al. Food and Nutrient Intake and Nutritional Status of Finnish Vegans and Non-Vegetarians. PloS one 11, 2, e0148235 (2016)
54.  Fields, C., Dourson, M., Borak, J. Iodine-deficient vegetarians: a hypothetical perchlorate-susceptible population? Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology RTP 42, 1, 37–46 (2005)
55.  Krajcovicová-Kudlácková, M., Bucková, K., Klimes, I. et al. Iodine deficiency in vegetarians and vegans. Annals of nutrition & metabolism 47, 5, 183–185 (2003)
56.  Leung, A. M., Lamar, A., He, X. et al. Iodine status and thyroid function of Boston-area vegetarians and vegans. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 96, 8, E1303-7 (2011)
57.  Lightowler, H. J. & Davies, G. J. Assessment of iodine intake in vegans: weighed dietary record vs duplicate portion technique. European journal of clinical nutrition 56, 8, 765–770 (2002)
58.  Lightowler, H. J. & Davies, G. J. Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. The British journal of nutrition 80, 6, 529–535 (1998)
59.  Kanaka, C., Schütz, B., Zuppinger, K. A. Risks of alternative nutrition in infancy: a case report of severe iodine and carnitine deficiency. European journal of pediatrics 151, 10, 786–788 (1992)
60.  Remer, T., Neubert, A., Manz, F. Increased risk of iodine deficiency with vegetarian nutrition. The British journal of nutrition 81, 1, 45–49 (1999)
61.  García-Casal, M. N., Landaeta, M., Adrianza de Baptista, G. et al. Valores de referencia de hierro, yodo, zinc, selenio, cobre, molibdeno, vitamina C, vitamina E, vitamina K, carotenoides y polifenoles para la población venezolana. Archivos latinoamericanos de nutricion 63, 4, 338–361 (2013)
62.  Rohner, F., Zimmermann, M., Jooste, P. et al. Biomarkers of nutrition for development--iodine review. The Journal of nutrition 144, 8, 1322S-1342S (2014)
63.  Zimmermann, M. B. & Andersson, M. Assessment of iodine nutrition in populations: past, present, and future. Nutrition reviews 70, 10, 553–570 (2012)
64.  Davis, B. C. & Kris-Etherton, P. M. Achieving optimal essential fatty acid status in vegetarians: current knowledge and practical implications. The American journal of clinical nutrition 78, 3 Suppl, 640 (2003)
65.  Domenichiello, A. F., Chen, C. T., Trepanier, M.-O. et al. Whole body synthesis rates of DHA from α-linolenic acid are greater than brain DHA accretion and uptake rates in adult rats. Journal of lipid research 55, 1, 62–74 (2014)
66.  Fayet-Moore, F., Baghurst, K., Meyer, B. J. Four Models Including Fish, Seafood, Red Meat and Enriched Foods to Achieve Australian Dietary Recommendations for n-3 LCPUFA for All Life-Stages. Nutrients 7, 10, 8602–8614 (2015)
67.  Harris, W. S. Achieving optimal n-3 fatty acid status: the vegetarian's challenge… or not. The American journal of clinical nutrition 100 Suppl 1, 449S-52S (2014)
68.  Sanders, T. A. B. DHA status of vegetarians. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids 81, 2-3, 137–141 (2009)
69.  Saunders, A. V., Davis, B. C., Garg, M. L. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vegetarian diets. Med J Aust 1, 2, 22–26 (2012)
70.  Demark-Wahnefried, W., Polascik, T. J., George, S. L. et al. Flaxseed supplementation (not dietary fat restriction) reduces prostate cancer proliferation rates in men presurgery. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 17, 12, 3577–3587 (2008)
71.  Hackshaw-McGeagh, L. E., Perry, R. E., Leach, V. A. et al. A systematic review of dietary, nutritional, and physical activity interventions for the prevention of prostate cancer progression and mortality. Cancer causes & control CCC 26, 11, 1521–1550 (2015)
72.  EFSA Opinion on the safety of ‘Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) and ground whole Chia seeds’ as a food ingredient. EFSA Journal 7, 4, 996 (2009)
73.  Mohd Ali, N., Yeap, S. K., Ho, W. Y. et al. The promising future of chia, Salvia hispanica L. Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology 2012, 171956 (2012)
74.  Ullah, R., Nadeem, M., Khalique, A. et al. Nutritional and therapeutic perspectives of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.): a review. Journal of food science and technology 53, 4, 1750–1758 (2016)
75.  Cottin, S. C., Sanders, T. A., Hall, W. L. The differential effects of EPA and DHA on cardiovascular risk factors. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 70, 2, 215–231 (2011)
76.  Geppert, J., Kraft, V., Demmelmair, H. et al. Microalgal docosahexaenoic acid decreases plasma triacylglycerol in normolipidaemic vegetarians: a randomised trial. The British journal of nutrition 95, 4, 779–786 (2006)
77.  Sarter, B., Kelsey, K. S., Schwartz, T. A. et al. Blood docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in vegans: Associations with age and gender and effects of an algal-derived omega-3 fatty acid supplement. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 34, 2, 212–218 (2015)
78.  Waldmann, A., Koschizke, J. W., Leitzmann, C. et al. Dietary iron intake and iron status of German female vegans: results of the German vegan study. Annals of nutrition & metabolism 48, 2, 103–108 (2004)
79.  Gorczyca, D., Prescha, A., Szeremeta, K. et al. Iron status and dietary iron intake of vegetarian children from Poland. Annals of nutrition & metabolism 62, 4, 291–297 (2013)
80.  Craig, W. J. Iron status of vegetarians. The American journal of clinical nutrition 59, 5 Suppl, 1233 (1994)
81.  Gibson, R. S., Heath, A.-L. M., Szymlek-Gay, E. A. Is iron and zinc nutrition a concern for vegetarian infants and young children in industrialized countries? The American journal of clinical nutrition 100 Suppl 1, 459S-68S (2014)
82.  Hurrell, R. & Egli, I. Iron bioavailability and dietary reference values. The American journal of clinical nutrition 91, 5, 1461S-1467S (2010)
83.  Hunt, J. R. Moving toward a plant-based diet: are iron and zinc at risk? Nutrition reviews 60, 5 Pt 1, 127–134 (2002)
84.  Hunt, J. R. Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and other trace minerals from vegetarian diets. The American journal of clinical nutrition 78, 3 Suppl, 633 (2003)
85.  Quintaes, K. D., Amaya-Farfan, J., Tomazini, F. M. et al. Mineral Migration and Influence of Meal Preparation in Iron Cookware on the Iron Nutritional Status of Vegetarian Students. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 46, 2, 125–141 (2007)
86.  Sanders TAB (2012) Vegetarian diets. In Human nutrition. 12th ed., pp. 355–363, [Geissler CA and Powers HJ, editors]. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier
87.  Ball, M. J. & Ackland, M. L. Zinc intake and status in Australian vegetarians. The British journal of nutrition 83, 1, 27–33 (2000)
88.  Saunders, A. V., Craig, W. J., Baines, S. K. Zinc and vegetarian diets. Med J Aust 1, 2, 17–21 (2012)
89.  Hildbrand SM (2015) Bedeutung des Jod/Selen-Quotienten und des Ferritins für das Auftreten einer Autoimmunthyreoiditis (AIT) bei omnivor, lakto-vegetarisch und vegan sich ernährenden Personen: Eine epidemiologische klinische Querschnittstudie. Dissertation zum Erwerb des Doktorgrades der Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
90.  Hoeflich, J., Hollenbach, B., Behrends, T. et al. The choice of biomarkers determines the selenium status in young German vegans and vegetarians. The British journal of nutrition 104, 11, 1601–1604 (2010)
91.  Lightowler, H. J. & Davies, G. J. Micronutrient intakes in a group of UK vegans and the contribution of self-selected dietary supplements. The journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 120, 2, 117–124 (2000)
92.  Thomson, C. D., Chisholm, A., McLachlan, S. K. et al. Brazil nuts: an effective way to improve selenium status. The American journal of clinical nutrition 87, 2, 379–384 (2008)
93.  Colpo, E., Vilanova, C. D. d. A., Brenner Reetz, L. G. et al. A single consumption of high amounts of the Brazil nuts improves lipid profile of healthy volunteers. Journal of nutrition and metabolism 2013, 11348568653185 (2013)
94.  Martens, I. B. G., Cardoso, B. R., Hare, D. J. et al. Selenium status in preschool children receiving a Brazil nut-enriched diet. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 31, 11-12, 1339–1343 (2015)
95.  Dumont, E., Vanhaecke, F., Cornelis, R. Selenium speciation from food source to metabolites: a critical review. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 385, 7, 1304–1323 (2006)
96.  Benstoem, C., Goetzenich, A., Kraemer, S. et al. Selenium and its supplementation in cardiovascular disease--what do we know? Nutrients 7, 5, 3094–3118 (2015)
97.  Ogawa-Wong, A. N., Berry, M. J., Seale, L. A. Selenium and Metabolic Disorders: An Emphasis on Type 2 Diabetes Risk. Nutrients 8, 2, 80 (2016)
98.  Thomson, C. D. Assessment of requirements for selenium and adequacy of selenium status: a review. European journal of clinical nutrition 58, 3, 391–402 (2004)
99.  Wrobel, J. K., Power, R., Toborek, M. Biological activity of selenium: Revisited. IUBMB life 68, 2, 97–105 (2016)
100. Xia, Y., Hill, K. E., Byrne, D. W. et al. Effectiveness of selenium supplements in a low-selenium area of China. The American journal of clinical nutrition 81, 4, 829–834 (2005)
101. Combs, G. F. Selenium in global food systems. The British journal of nutrition 85, 5, 517–547 (2001)
102. Combs Jr GF & Combs SB (1986) The role of selenium in nutrition. Orlando: Academic Press
103. Mondragón, M. C. & Jaffé, W. G. Consumo de selenio en la ciudad de Caracas en comparación con el de otras ciudades del mundo. Abstract. Archivos latinoamericanos de nutricion 26, 3, 343–352 (1976)
104. Surai PF (2006) Selenium in nutrition and health. Nottingham: Nottingham University Press
105. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Nutritional situation in the Americas. Epidemiological bulletin 15, 3, 1–6 (1994)
106. Lousuebsakul-Matthews, V., Thorpe, D. L., Knutsen, R. et al. Legumes and meat analogues consumption are associated with hip fracture risk independently of meat intake among Caucasian men and women: the Adventist Health Study-2. Public health nutrition 17, 10, 2333–2343 (2014)
107. Shams-White, M. M., Chung, M., Du, M. et al. Dietary protein and bone health: a systematic review and meta-analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation. The American journal of clinical nutrition 105, 6, 1528–1543 (2017)
108. Marsh, K. A., Munn, E. A., Baines, S. K. Protein and vegetarian diets. Med J Aust 1, 2, 7–10 (2012)
109. Torfadóttir, J. E., Uusi-Rasi, K.: Calcium - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. Food Nutr Res. 2023 Dec 19:67. doi: 10.29219/fnr.v67.10303. eCollection 2023 (2023)










Lingala